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Occupational structure of Women |
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Distribution of Occupation By Gender (2010)
Women are squeezed in a limited number of occupations in the
lower as well as the highest level of the occupational ladder.
In 2010; about 43% of female workers are employed in farming,
fishing and hunting occupations. On the other side, about 23% of
women are employed in professional occupations, and 14% as
technicians and professional assistants.
However, women's contribution remains low in some occupations
where it represents only 2.27% in production and 3.91% in
legislature, administrative and managerial occupations.
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Distribution of Occupation By Gender (2007)
Women are squeezed in a limited number of occupations in the
lower as well as the highest level of the occupational ladder.
Data shows that women are highly concentrated in a limited
number of occupations in the lowest as well as the highest
positions in the occupational ladder.
In 2007; About 46% of female workers are employed in farming,
fishing and hunting occupations. On the other side, about 35% of
women are employed in professional and technical occupations.
The percentages are 20.6% in professional occupations, and 14.6%
as technicians and professional assistants.
However, women's contribution remains low in some occupations
where it represents only 1.4 %in production and 4.3% in
legislature, administrative and managerial occupations.
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Distribution of Women by Economic Activity
Distribution of women by economic activity
Looking at the distribution of women by economic activity
stresses on the same squeezed pattern shown by occupational
structure of women work. The largest proportion of females
(45.6%) are absorbed in the agricultural activities followed by
the educational sector (20.6%) in 2008.
Female engagement in agriculture was always regarded as part of
their role as housewives, and for long periods it was not
considered an economic activity. In this sector the basic
problem facing women is not related to lack of work
opportunities, but to the fact that they are working all the
time without any financial evaluation of their participation to
this sector. (Nassar, H. 1997)
Moreover, gendering of agriculture appears to be a function of
strength and male domination. Females in the agricultural sector
always responded to the demand of culture, unequal wages or
emerging conditions. Substitution of women for men is encouraged
by the desire to reduce costs.
Looking at the distribution of male workers; agricultural
activities come first representing 28.2%, while their share in
construction, transportation storage and communication sectors
is relatively more than the similar figures for females.
The participation of females in some activities is particularly
low compared to males. This is valid for mining, quarrying
&manufacturing sector and construction sector where the
percentage of females in these industries are 5 %, 0.6% as
opposed to 14.8% and 12.4% for males.
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Distribution of Sector
2010
Females are highly concentrated in the private sector (outside
establishments) representing 46.7% in 2010 compared to 47.9% of
total female employment in 2008.
The relatively high proportion of females working in the private
sector to total working females is a result of the increase in
the engagement of females in the informal sector, which serves
as an unplanned mechanism to absorb surplus labor force in
general. For illiterate females it is the most suitable sector
and for educated females it could be a way to increase their
incomes with no fixed working hours. The need for a steady flow
of an income as a buttress against insecurity of unemployment
and inadequate or nonexistent financial support from male
partners and kin networks was a major factor pushing women to
develop a variety of strategies to increase their incomes.
Moreover, early motherhood forced many women to seek income
because they have to support their children.
Also, females are concentrated in the government sector
(37.75%). This percentage of female employment in the government
sector exceeds that of males (19.31%), leading to feminization
of the government sector.
The percentage of females working in an establishment in the
private sector in 2010 is 12.65%, which is much lower than the
percentage of men working in an establishment (27.42%) which
means that a relatively higher percentage of working females is
uncovered by social insurance.
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Distribution of Sector 2008
Females are highly concentrated in the private sector (outside
establishments) representing 47.9% of total female employment in
2008.
The relatively high proportion of females working in the private
sector to total working females is a result of the increase in the
engagement of females in the informal sector, which serves as an
unplanned mechanisms to absorb surplus labor force in general. For
illiterate females it is the most suitable sector and for educated
females it could be a way to increase their incomes with no fixed
working hours. The need for a steady flow of an income as a buttress
against insecurity of unemployment and inadequate or nonexistent
financial support from male partners and kin networks was a major
factor pushing women to develop a variety of strategies to increase
their incomes. Moreover, early motherhood forced many women to seek
income because they have to support their children.
Also, females are concentrated in the government sector (37.5%).
This percentage of female employment in the government sector
exceeds that of males (20.3%), leading to feminization of the
government sector.
However, females in the government sector face the following
problems:
A deterioration in the status of government employees due to decline
in real wages.
Privatization is a current process that might have negative effects
on working females in the public sector. Among public sector
redundancies, the percentage of females is high. Women usually tend
to take up the clerical, secretarial and administrative work, which
is already saturated. In the case of dismissal, women will be the
first to leave as working conditions in the private sector are
unsuitable for most married females. Meanwhile, division of labor
according to gender i.e. jobs for women and jobs for men will render
the vocational training process, which accompanies the process of
labor dismissal, more suitable for men than women. Moreover, women’s
household maintenance and childcare responsibilities affect their
productivity and result in persistent barriers against the
engagement of females in the private sector. In addition transitory
employment is unsuitable for the nature of females work that favors
permanent jobs.
The percentage of females working in an establishment in the private
sector in 2008 is 12.1% is much lower than the percentage of men
working in an establishment (25.5%) which means that a relatively
higher percentage of working females is uncovered by social
insurance
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Work Status of Women 2010
A large proportion of women, approximately 29% in 2010 of the
total female labor force, is engaged in unpaid family work. This
percentage is much higher than the corresponding percentage of male
workers in unpaid family work (6.4%).
On the other hand, the percentage of males as employers (17.58%) far
exceeds women employers, which represents only 3.12% of total female
employment |
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Work Status of Women 2008
A large proportion of women, approximately 34% in 2007 of the
total female labor force, is engaged in unpaid family work. This
percentage is much higher than the corresponding percentage of male
workers in unpaid family work (8.1%).
On the other hand, the percentage of males as employers (17%) far
exceeds women employers, which represents only 3.4% of total female
employment.
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Unemployment by Gender
Over the period from 2000-2007, the female unemployment rate has
been continuously higher than the male unemployment rate. In 2007,
the female unemployment rate was 18.6% compared to 5.9% for male
unemployment rate.
The distribution of unemployed by age and gender (2007) shows that
the highest unemployment rates for both males and females is in the
age group from 20-25, where the male unemployment rate represents
49.6% from total male unemployment, as compared to 45.32% for
females
The distribution of unemployment by education and gender (2007)
shows that the highest unemployment rates for both males and females
are for technical intermediate graduates, and university and above
graduates where the percentages are 55.5%, 50.2% and 32.3%, 33.2%
for females and males respectively.
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Urban/ Rural Employment Characteristics by Gender
Distribution of Work Status by Gender and Region (2007)
By looking at the regional distribution of the work status, it is
evident that
A small proportion of females work as employers, whether in urban or
in rural areas .Yet , the percentage seems to be higher in the rural
areas reaching 4.44% compared to the urban areas where it reaches
1.94%.
The percentage of paid employees is relatively higher in urban than
in rural areas due to the prevalence of more paid employment
opportunities in urban areas.
Family workers represent 49.79% of the female labor force in rural
areas in comparison to 6.12% in urban areas. This means that more
than half of the female work in rural areas is unrewarded
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