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| | | | Main Subjects | | | | |
| | | | | Data on female contribution to economic activities suffered for a long time an obvious gender bias. Table 1 presents the discrepancies in the different estimations of female participation in the labor force by source (Compiled by Heba Nassar) | | | Female Participation Rates in Economic Activities (From Different Sources) | Census Data | 1976
1986
1996 | 8%
10%
12.9% | Labor Force Sample Survey (CAPMAS) | 1975
1984
1994
1995
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 | 7%
18.70%
13.9%
13.1%
12.8%
12.5%
12.7%
13.4%
12.9% | Labor Force Information System Project (Zaalouk M. 1991) | 1988 | 31% | Arab League & Cairo Demographic Center (Hassan M. et al) | 1993
Paid Work
Economic Contribution |
11.30%
21%
| Monitoring Social Development in Egypt (CAPMAS) | 1994 | 13.80% | | 1998 | 15.1% | Egyptian Labor Market Survey (ELMS) | 1998
Market Labor Force
Extended Labor Force |
21.2%
46.0%
| Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) | 1988
1992
1995
2000 | 12.4
14.8
15.6
14.6 |
| | | | | | | | The two main sources of data on females’ employment in Egypt: | | | 1. Population Census data (PC)2. Labor force sample surveys (LFSS). | | | As previously mentioned both sources are incomparable. However both surveys – are till now gender biased. Much of women's work in Egypt remains un-recognized as long as informal activities, unpaid work and activities for domestic consumption are not included (Nassar,1997). | | | In accordance to the Population Census, which captures female work in formal activities only, the participation rate of females to total labor force increased from 10 per cent in 1986 to 12.9 per cent in 1996. Around this figure was the participation rate of females in the labor force in the CAPMAS Labor Market Sample Survey (LFSS), which amounted to 13% on average over the period 1990-2000, measuring working females in formal activities. | | | These low figures for female participation were heavily criticized on the basis of the high levels of females’ activity in the agricultural sector. The relatively low participation rate for Egyptian females in the labor force surveys was a result of the following: | | | 
| The use of precise words or phrases such as "main activity, work and occupation" which were confusing for respondents. No activity schedule was used. |
| Females’ activities on the field was not considered as active work. |
| The questionnaires did not specify different types of activities that women perform. |
| No economic participation definitions were used to overcome the shortcomings of a single labor force definition. |
| Time Allocation approach has not been used in official surveys |
| | | Hence the following surveys, which adopted more accurate data collection techniques as well as different definitions for the economic activity resulted in a slight increase in the rate of female participation | | | | 3. CAPMAS Extensive Survey on Monitoring Social Development in Egypt,(1992-1995), was a special survey to monitor social and economic variables using more sophisticated techniques in data collection. It ended with a relatively higher rate of female participation (13.8%) in economic activities. | | 4. The Demographic and Health Survey -with accurate data collection systems- found the formal, female economic participation of females(15-49 years) slightly higher than the labor market surveys. | | 5. The Survey of the Socio-Economic Work Conditions in Greater Cairo, characterized by detailed questionnaires on the different kinds of female economic participation and specific training methods indicated a 15.1% rate of female participation, higher than the rate prevailing in official data. |
| | | Moreover the three important national surveys enlarged the concept of women's contribution to economic activities and indicated a relatively high level of female economic contribution in Egypt: | | | 1- Substantial increases in female employment occurred after 1983 in the LFSS with the redefinition of economically active persons to include active persons in the formal as well as the informal sector. These changes led to an increase in the proportion of working females aged 12-64 to total labor force from 7 per cent in the labor force survey (LFSS) 1975 to 18.7 per cent in (LFSS) 1984. In addition, the CAPMAS Labor Force Information System Project (LFISP) in 1988, a special round of the labor force sample survey showed a higher rate of economic participation (31%) for women than previous labor force surveys as a result of the global definition of work used in this survey, as well as sampling and data collection technique. In accordance with the international trends ,the definition of females' work was broadened to include paid and unpaid work, so that women who were employed for at least one hour during the reference week of the survey at the formal or informal basis, were included in the labor force. In addition activities, such as producing and processing primary commodities in agriculture, forestry, hunting, mining and quarrying were included, whether for personal or marketing reasons. Moreover production in the non primary sectors for market purposes was also included (Za'alouk, M.1991). | | 2- The Cairo Demographic Center survey in 1993 was a sub sample of 1900 individuals from 9700 in the (Egypt Use Effectiveness of Contraceptives Survey 1991), that was analyzed by the Arab League Population Office gave also a different figure for women's economic contribution. Data were collected in time distribution schedules for ever married women aged 15-49 years on the time and days spent in work outside and inside home as well as time spent caring for the family. Rate of females’ participation in economic activities was 21.1 per cent for a reference period of one week (El Sayed, M. et al, 1995). | | 3-Finally, the Egyptian Labor Market Survey ELMS, which assessed major changes in the labor market conditions that occurred during the period from 1988 to 1998, made a distinction between the market labor force (based only on market production) and extended labor force (including subsistence agriculture). It indicated a participation rate of 21 per cent (Market labor force) and 46 per cent (subsistence agriculture) for the females in the labor force. The extended definitions applied include employment in subsistence agriculture such as primary activities for the purpose of personal or household consumption (Asaad,2002) |
| | | Impact of the Redefinition of Economic Activity on the Female Labor Market: Segmentation of the Female Labor Market into Formal and Informal | | | To conclude, the redefinition of the economically active person in the labor force sample surveys led to significant changes in the structure of the female labor force as it included an illiterate majority mainly engaged in agriculture and informal private activities, outside establishment and to some extent unpaid. However , the trend in the formal sector indicates another movement towards more concentration of females in wage work, an increase in professional females' work, mainly in the government sector and a decline in the numbers of women working in agriculture (Census, LFSS,1990-1999, Nassar, 2001 and Assad, 1999). Hence we believe that only in the context of informal/ formal division of economic activities the trends in the females’ labor market can be understood. | | | | | | | | | | Description | The year 1882 marks the beginning of periodic population census . Starting 1897, a general census was undertaken every ten years until 1947. In September 1964, the Presidential Decree No. 2915 was issued creating the Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics (CAPMAS), which has become the largest statistical organization in the Middle East. In 1966 CAPMAS carried out the first population census using sample technique, followed by 1976 and1986 census for population and housing. In 1996 CAPMAS carried out the twelfth Population, Housing and Establishment Census. | Collaborating institutions | Central Agency of Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) | Objectives of the Study | | Characteristics of population | | Women fertility (married- divorced- widowed) | | Population Mobility (inside Egypt) | | Building Census | | Housing Conditions Census |
| Survey Design and Implementation | Use de facto method (technique ) which refers to the calculation of individuals in their place of presence and excluding temporary visitors. |
| Population Census 1976 | | | For the first time, data on internal migration, the economic sector, name and place of the work establishments, and means of transportation was collected. |
| Population Census 1986 | | | The population, housing and establishments census in 1986 collected data of 80% from the households using lengthy questionnaire. | | | |
| Data Collection | | The 1976 Population Census | | | was conducted in consecutive steps in order to finish the count of population on 22/23 Nov. 1986 | | The 1986 Population Census | | | was conducted in consecutive steps in order to finish the count of population on 17/18 Nov. 1986 | | The 1996 Population Census | | was conducted on consecutive steps in order to be finish the count of population on 18/19 Nov. 1996 |
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| | | | | | | Collaborating institutions: | The Social Research Center at the American University in Cairo | Sponsor: | Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) | Related publications |
| Nassar, H. and El-Mahdy, A. ”Socioeconomic Conditions of Work in Greater Cairo: Gender Differentials and Formal Informal Sector”, Social Research Center, 1999 |
| Nassar, H. "Overview of the Labor Market Documentation in Egypt". Center for Economic & Financial Studies. Faculty of Economic and Political Science, Cairo University, 2001 |
| Nassar, H. and H. El-Laithy. "Labor Market, Urban Poverty and Pro-poor Employment Policies, in Nassar H and H. El Laithy "Socioeconomic Policies and Poverty Alleviation Programs in Egypt", Center for Economic and Financial Research and Studies, 2001 |
| Contact person | Heba Nassar. E-mail: hebanas@aucegypt.edu | Objectives of the Study | The study is entitled: Socioeconomic Conditions of Work in Greater Cairo: Formal/ Informal Comparisons and Gender Differentials. It is the second phase of a project entitled "Enhancing the Socio Economic Status of Women in Egypt".
The goal of the first phase of this project was to study the status of women in Egypt such as their educational, health, social, employment, and economic status, as well as all interventions enhancing the status of women in Egypt over the period 1990-1996. Phase two of the project linked both actions oriented programs with research in selected proposed topics. The main objective of the Socio-Economic Conditions of Work in Greater Cairo Survey was to determine the differentials in work conditions between the formal and informal sector, the gender differentials of work, woman’s status in the labor market, child labor, the coverage of insurance system for workers in formal and informal sector and unemployment conditions.
In order to meet the objectives of the survey, a multistage sample was designed using the frame from the sample of Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) that was conducted in 1995. | Survey Design and Implementation | A survey was conducted to study the engagement of labor by gender in informal activities in urban areas in comparison to formal activities on a sub sample of 3294 households. | Sample Design | The sample was designed to obtain estimates for socio–economic conditions, formal and informal sectors, as well as gender differentials for Greater Cairo. The target sample required from Greater Cairo was around 4000 completed households. Taking into consideration a non-response rate of 20% because it is urban, so the final sample size was around 4800 households.
Greater Cairo includes Cairo Governorate, Shoubra El-Kheima (in Kalyoubia Governorate) and Giza City and The Urban Markaz - Imbaba in Giza Governorate. In EDHS95 51 PSUs (Shiakhas) were selected randomly from Greater Cairo with probability proportional to size. Each selected Shiakha in EDHS, 1995 was decomposed into parts (each containing around 5000 households) and one (or two) part was selected randomly from each selected Shiakha depending on the population size of the Shiakha. A quick count was conducted in order to enumerate the housing units in each selected part. According to the quick count results, each part was decomposed into a number of segments and one (or two) segments were selected randomly from each part (2 segments from each selected Shiakha). The households in each selected segments were listed. This listing constitutes the frame of selection of households for the socio-economic conditions of work in Greater Cairo. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Collaborating institutions: | The Economic Research Forum (ERF) and the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) | Sponsor: | Funding for this project came from the Ford Foundation, the Economic Policy Initiative Consortium (EPIC), and the World Bank | Related publications | | Contact person | Ragui Assaad. Contact Information. | Objectives of the Study | Based on the data collected in the October 1988 round of the LFSS (Labor Force Sample Survey ) as a baseline for the study, this survey aimed to assess the major changes in labor market conditions that occurred during the period from 1988 to 1998, a period of significant economic reforms and structural adjustment measures . A major objective of the project was to assess the impact of structural adjustment policies on the Egyptian labor market.
The ELMS 1998 made a distinction between the market labor force (based only on market production) and extended labor force (including subsistence agriculture) was made available. | Survey Design and Implementation | The Egypt Labor Market Survey (ELMS) is a national-representative household survey covering 5,000 households. These households were selected from a CAPMAS master sample prepared in 1995. The master sample consists of 750,000 households in 500 primary sampling units (PSUs) each consisting of 1500 households. Since the master sample is the basis for the survey sample, we find it necessary to start by explaining how the master sample was extracted in the first place.
The master sample was extracted through a two-stage process. The country was first divided into two strata : urban and rural. Each stratum was in turn divided into substrata representing each governorate. All the villages (in the case of rural strata) or shiyakhas (urban quarter, in the case of urban strata) in each substratum were listed and assigned a weight based on their population. The first stage consisted of choosing the villages and shiyakhas that would be represented in the sample based on the principle of probability proportional to size. This meant that a shiyakha or a village is possibly selected more than once if it warrants that. The selected shiyakha and village are then divided into PSUs of approximately 1500 housing units each; then one or more PSUs is selected from each shiyakha or village. The selected PSUs were then re-listed in 1995 to enumerate all the households selected. As for the ELMS survey sample, 200 PSUs were selected from the master sample. The desired number of PSUs in each substratum was selected from the number available in the master sample using a systematic interval. Cairo and Alexandria were deliberately over-sampled and rural areas under-sampled to increase the probability of obtaining women wage-workers in the private sector, which tend to be concentrated in Metropolitan areas. A self-weighted sample would have yielded too few of these individuals, who constitute an important target group for this study |
| | | | | | | Description | In the 1988 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), 8,911 ever-married women between the ages of 15 and 49 were interviewed, in urban and rural areas in 21 of the 26 governorates of Egypt. Topics included fertility, mortality, family planning and maternal and child health indicators. | Collaborating institutions: | The Egypt DHS was carried out by the National Population Council (NPC). The Institute for Resource Development (IRD), a Macro Systems Company, provided technical assistance for the survey through the Demographic and Health Surveys program. | Sponsor: | United States Agency for International Development (USAID) | Related publications |
| Sayed et.al., Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 1989 | | (Sayed, Hussein Abdul-Aziz, Magued I. Osman, Fatma El-Zanaty, and Ann Way. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey - 1988. Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc. Columbia, Md. 1989.) |
| Contact person | Magued I. Osman. Email:mosman@aucegypt.edu | Objectives of the Study | The Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) has as its major objective the provision of current and reliable information on fertility, mortality, family planning and maternal and child health indicators. The information is intended to assist policy makers and administrators in Egyptian population and health agencies to: (1) assess the effect of ongoing family planning and maternal and child health programs and (2) improve planning for future interventions in these areas. The EDHS provides data on topics for which comparable data are not available from previous nationally representative surveys, as well as information needed to monitor trends in a number of indicators derived from earlier surveys, in particular, the 1980 Egypt Fertility Survey (EFS) and the 1980 and 1984 Egypt Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys (ECPS). Finally as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program, the EDHS is intended to add to an international body of data, which can be used for cross-national research on these topics. | Survey Design and Implementation |
| Geographical Coverage | | | The EDHS was carried out in 21 of the 26 governorates in Egypt. The Frontier Governorates (Red Sea, New Valley, Matrouh, North Sinai, and South Sinai), which represent around two percent of the total population in Egypt, were excluded from coverage because a disproportionate share of EDHS resources would have been needed to survey the dispersed population in these governorates.
The EDHS sample was designed to provide separate estimates of all major parameters for: the national level, the Urban Governorates, Lower Egypt (total, urban and rural) and Upper Egypt (total, urban and rural). In addition, the sample was selected in such a fashion as to yield a sufficient number of respondents from each governorate to allow for governorate-level estimates of current contraceptive use. In order to achieve the latter objective, sample takes for the following governorates were increased during the selection process: Port Said, Suez, Ismailia, Damietta, Aswan, Kafr El-Sheikh, Beni Suef and Fayoum. |
| Coverage of the Sample | | A total of 10,528 households was selected for the EDHS sample. Out of the selected households 661 were considered ineligible for interview because no household member had slept in the dwelling on the night before the interview, the dwelling in which the selected household had resided was vacant or destroyed or the household could not be contacted for other reasons. Among the remaining 9,867 eligible households, 9,805, or 99 percent, were successfully interviewed.
As noted, an eligible respondent for the individual survey was defined as an ever-married woman between the ages of 15 and 49 years who was present in a sampled household during the night before the household interview. A total of 9,095 eligible respondents were identified, and 8,911 (98 percent) of these women were interviewed. The overall response rate, which is the product of the household and individual response rates, was 97 percent in the EDHS.
There was almost no variation in the household, individual or overall response rates between urban and rural areas. By governorate, the household response rate ranged from 98 percent in Suez to 100 percent in Kafr El-Sheikh, Gharbia, Ismailia, Fayoum and Aswan while individual response rate varied from 94 percent in Aswan to 100 percent in Ismailia |
| | Description | In the 1992 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), 9,864 ever-married women between the ages of 15 and 49 were interviewed, in urban and rural areas in 21 of the 26 governorates of Egypt. Topics included fertility, mortality, family planning and maternal and child health indicators. | Collaborating institutions: | The Egypt DHS was carried out by the National Population Council (NPC). | Sponsor: | United States Agency for International Development (USAID) | Related Publications: | | Contact person | | Objectives of the Study | The primary objective of the EDHS is to provide data on fertility and mortality, family planning, and maternal and child health. The survey obtained detailed information on these issues from a sample of ever- married women in the reproductive ages. In addition, a subsample of husbands was interviewed in an effort to obtain information on their fertility preferences and the role which they play in family planning decision making.
The EDHS information is intended to assist policymakers and administrators to evaluate existing programs and to design new strategies for improving family planning and health services in Egypt. A secondary objective is to enhance the capabilities of institutions in Egypt to collect, process and analyze population and health data so as to facilitate the implementation of future surveys of this type. | Sample Design | The 1992 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey covered over 11,000 households, which were ' scattered in 21 governorates. One of the key concerns in the design of the sample was the need to provide reliable estimates of fertility levels and contraceptive use for Egypt as a whole, and for urban and rural areas separately. Other domains for which reliable estimates were desired included the Urban Governorates, Upper Egypt, and Lower Egypt. In addition, estimates of key indicators for the women's sample were needed at governorate level. In order to allow for the governorate-level estimates, the number of households selected from each governorate is disproportionate to the size of the population in the governorate; thus, the EDHS sample is not self-weighting at the national level.
The 1992 EDHS sample was selected in three stages. The sampling units at the first stage were shiakhas/towns in urban areas and villages in rural areas. The frame for the selection of these primary sampling units (PSUs) was based on 1986 census data, which were provided by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). During the first stage selection, 377 PSUs were sampled (169 in urban areas and 208 in rural areas).
The second stage of selection involved several steps. First, maps were obtained for each shiakha and village that had been selected at the first stage and divided into a number of roughly equal-sized parts. One of the parts was then selected from each PSU. In both urban and rural PSUs, a quick-count operation was carried out in the field to provide the information which was used to divide the selected part into a number of segments of roughly equal size. Two segments from urban areas and one segment from rural areas were then chosen as the secondary sampling units.
After the secondary sampling units (SSUs) were selected, a household listing was obtained for each SSU. Using the household listing, a systematic random sample of households was chosen for the EDHS. A subs ample of one-third of the households in every segment was selected for the husband survey. All ever- married women 15-49 who were present in the household on the night before the interview were eligible for the survey. The husbands' sample covered men who were currently married to eligible women.
A more detailed description of the sample design is included in Appendix B. Sampling errors for key variables are presented in Appendix C. | Coverage of the Sample | A total of 11,304 households were selected; of these households, 10,760 were successfully interviewed. As noted, an eligible respondent for the women's survey was defined as an ever-married women between the age of 15 and 49 years present in the household on the night before the interview. A total of 9,978 eligible respondents were identified, and of these women, 9,864 (99 percent) were interviewed.
A total of 3,027 men were identified as eligible for the husbands' survey, i.e, they were resident in a household selected for the husband subsample and married to a woman between the ages of 15 and 49. of the eligible men, 2,466 were successfully interviewed (82 percent). | | Description | In the 1995 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), 14,779 ever-married women between the ages of 15 and 49 were interviewed, in urban and rural areas in the 26 governorates of Egypt. Topics included fertility, mortality, family planning and maternal and child health indicators. | Collaborating institutions: | The Egypt DHS was carried out by the National Population Council (NPC) and Macro International Inc. | Sponsor: | United States Agency for International Development (USAID) | Related Publications: | | Contact person | | Objectives of the Study | The Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS-95) aims at providing policymakers and planners with important information for use in evaluating exiting programs and formulating new programs and policies related to reproductive behaviour and health. The survey was specifically designed to meet the following.
| Collect data on fertility and desired family size |
| Monitor changes in family planning practice over time and investigate the availability and accessibility of family planning services in Egypt |
| Determine reasons for nonuse and intention to use family planning |
| Measure the achievement of health policy objectives, particularly those concerning the GOE maternal and child health program. |
In addition because information on the status of women is of increasing interest to policymakers, a special questionnaire was included to collect extensive data on the lives of Egyptian women. The was administered to eligible women in one-third of the households in the EDHS-95 sample. | Organization and Implementation of the Survey | The Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS-95) is a nationally representative survey of ever-married women age 15-49. It is the most recent in a series of population and health surveys in Egypt. The EDHS-95 was conducted between November 1995 and February 1996, under the auspices of the National Population Council (NPC). Technical support for the survey was provided by Macro International lnc, through its Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program, a project sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to assist countries worldwide to conduct surveys to obtain information on key population and health indicators. USAID/Cairo, under the Population/Family Planning III Project, provided funding for the survey.
The survey was executed in four stages. The first stage involved preparatory activities including the design of the sample and sample implementation activities such as updating the sampling frame. At the same time, the survey questionnaires were developed, pretested, and finalized. The preparatory stage was initiated in January 1995, and all of the activities were completed by July 1995. The second stage, which took place from November 1995 through January 1996, involved interviewing of eligible households and individual respondents. The third stage involved all of the data processing activities necessary to produce a clean data file, including the editing, coding, entry, and verification of the data as well as consistency checking. This stage started soon after the beginning of the fieldwork and lasted through late February 1996. The focus of the final stage of the survey was data analysis and report preparation. This phase began in March 1996 with publication of the preliminary report, which presented the main findings from the survey. | Sample Design | The primary objective of the sample design for the EDHS-95 is to provide estimates of key population and health indicators including fertility and child mortality rates for the country as a whole and for six major administrative regions (urban governorates, urban Lower Egypt, rural Lower Egypt, urban Upper Egypt, rural Upper Egypt, and the Frontier Governorates).3 In addition, in the Urban Governorates, Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, the design allows for governorate-level estimates of most key variables, with the exception of fertility and mortality rates and women's status indicators. In the Frontier Governorates, the sample size for individual governorates is not sufficiently large to allow for separate governorate-level estimates. However, separate estimates are possible for the western Frontier Governorates (Matrouh and New Valley) and the eastern Frontier Governorates (North Sinai, South Sinai and Red Sea). Finally, Assiut and Souhag governorates were oversampled in the EDHS-95 in order to provide sufficient cases for a special follow-up study of the reasons for nonuse of family planning in those areas | Coverage of the Survey | During the main fieldwork and call back phases of the survey, 15,567 households selected for the EDHS-95 sample were successfully contacted, which represents a response rate of 99.2 percent.
A total of 14,879 women were identified as eligible to be interviewed. Questionnaires were completed for 14,779 of those women, which represents a response rate of99.3 percent. A total of7 ,223 respondents were in the subsample selected for the women's status interview. Questionnaires were completed for 7,121 of these women, which represents a response rate of 98.6 percent.
There was almost no difference between urban and rural areas in response rates for the household, individual and women's status interviews. Looking at place of residence, the response rate for the household and individual interviews exceeds 98 percent, and the response rate for the women's status interviews exceeds 97 percent, in all areas. | | Description | In the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), 15,573 ever-married women between the ages of 15 and 49 were interviewed, in urban and rural areas in 26 governorates of Egypt. Topics included fertility, mortality, family planning and maternal and child health indicators. | Collaborating institutions: | The Egypt DHS 2000 is the latest in a series of a nationally representative population and health surveys in Egypt .The 2000 EDHS was conducted under the auspices of the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) ,the National Population Council (NPC). Technical support for the 2000 EDHS was provided by ORC Macro through MEASURE DHS+. | Sponsor: | United States Agency for International Development (USAID) | Related Publications: | | Contact person | | Organization and objectives of the 2000 EDHS | The Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (2000 EDHS) is the latest in a series of a nationally representative population and health surveys conducted in Egypt
The 2000 EDHS was designed to provide estimates for key indicators such as fertility, contraceptive use, infant and child mortality, immunization levels, coverage of antenatal and and maternal and child health and nutrition. The survey results are intended to assist policy makers and planners in assessing the current health and population programs and in designing new strategies for improving reproductive health and health services in Egypt | Sample Design | The primary objective of the sample design for the 2000 EDHS was to provide estimates of key population and health indicators including fertility and child mortality rates for the country as a whole and for six major administrative regions (the Urban Governorates, urban Lower Egypt, rural Lower Egypt, urban Upper Egypt, rural Upper Egypt, and the Frontier Governorates). In the Urban Governorates, Lower Egypt, and Upper Egypt, the design allowed for governorate-level estimates of most of the key variables, with the exception of the fertility and mortality rates. In the Frontier Governorates, the sample size was not sufficiently large to provide separate estimates for the individual governorates. To meet the survey objectives, the number of households selected in the 2000 EDHS sample from each governorate was not proportional to the size of the population in the governorate. As a result, the 2000 EDHS sample is not self-weighting at the national level, and weights have to be applied to the data to obtain the national-level estimates presented in this report | Coverage of the Survey | During the main fieldwork and call back phases of the survey, 17,521 households selected for the EDHS-2000 were successfully conducted which represents a response rate of 99 percent.
A total of 15,649 women were identified as eligible to be interviewed. Questionnaires were completed for 15,573 of those women, which represents a response rate of 99.5 percent. |
| | | | | | | Description | The LFSS is the main source of a series of data on employment in Egypt. Prior to 1977, the LFSS was undertaken annually. However realizing the importance of following up changes in employment conditions on shorter time intervals, CAPMAS started in 1987 to undertake the LFSS quarterly until 1993; then conducted twice per year.
| From LFSS 1994 has been published for employment and unemployment data for (15-64 years) only to be consistent with labor and education Laws of the state |
| LFSS 1999 used the Master Sample which was prepared in November 1995 to be the basic sample for overall CAPMAS Household Surveys |
| LFSS 1999 is the partial sample of basic sample which is prepared by blocks system in urban and rural areas | | LFSS 2001 used the Master Sample which was prepared in 1998/1999 to be the basic sample for overall CAPMAS Household Surveys. | | LFSS 2001 is the partial sample of basic sample which is prepared by blocks system in urban and rural areas. |
| Collaborating institutions | Central Agency of Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) | Objectives of the Study | The LFSS focused on employment conditions including: | | Demographic Characteristics | | Employment Characteristics | | Unemployment Characteristics | | Labor mobility | | Characteristics of the economic unit of employment | | Earnings |
| Survey Design and Implementation | A multi-stage stratified random sample of 21470 and 20900 housing units was designed on the basis of the samples of two rounds of the CAPMAS LFSS master- sample.
Urban areas were divided into seven substrata and rural areas into three.
The primary sampling unit (PSU) was an area segment consisting of about 1500 housing units in urban and rural areas.
In the first stage of sampling, 150 urban segments and 100 rural segments were selected at random, with probabilities proportional to size across substrata. Forty housing units were selected at random from a recently updated list in the selected area segments.
In effect then, urban housing units were selected with a probability larger than that of rural housing units. It is to be noted, however, that rural housing units have, on average, a large number of households than their urban counterparts.
This difference in the probability of selection was meant to allow for greater heterogeneity in employment characteristics, as well as higher rates of non-response in urban areas. The weighting scheme for the survey results was designed to correct for the difference.
In addition to correcting for differences in the probability of selection among the strata of the sample and discrepancies in response rates among PSUs, the weighting scheme allowed for a bias in the selection of HHs in rural PSUs which over-represented hamlets, compared to mother villages. This bias was detected during the field operation. |
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