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(Compiled by SRC, Nassar, H. , from CAPMAS Labor Force Sample Surveys (LFSSs) & other surveys)

 

The Change in the occupational distribution for young women:

 

While the occupational distribution did not change much for young men over the last decade of the last century- as production was the leading occupation for more than half of young male workers and the other half was distributed between agriculture, technical and scientific professions, sales and services, it changed substantially for young women. In 1998 the drop in agriculture, services and clerical jobs, and the parallel increase in technical and scientific occupations resulted in, a concentration of young women in the latter occupations in the formal sector.

Though the government sector offset much of the decrease in young female wage work in the public sector, the private sector continues to be the leading employer of young female wage workers, with 58% of young female wage workers employed in this sector. The occupational distribution of these workers indicates that the leading sub-sectors of young women wage workers in the private sector are production and sales. It is interesting to note that opportunities in production are declining for older women but rising for younger women.

Source: Hassan, Nagah Ismail (2000)

 

 

The sectoral distribution of females in Egypt:

 

The sectoral distribution of females in Egypt reflects mainly the employment guarantee policies pursued since the sixties (feminization of government, feminization of several governmental industries such as textiles, chemistry…)
It also reflects the shrinking policy of the public sector and the inability of the private sector to absorb the increase in the labor force as new women entrants are concentrated in the informal sector. The gender pattern of private sector employment growth is quite striking. While the rate of growth of female employment in private enterprises indicates a sharp decline by 15.8%(more than the rate of decrease in male employment in the same sector 7.43% over the period 1990-1998, it indicates a significant increase in outside enterprises mainly in the informal sector by 53.4%. Still the government is the main orientation for employment growth in Egypt in particular for women, while contraction of the public sector was more felt on female employment
-8.16% rather than on male employment -3.14%

However, the data shows that the service, trade and hotels sector witnessed the highest rate of growth in female employment over the period 1990-98. Also electricity, gas, water and mining sectors show a positive rate of growth for female employment, but they absorb a minority of female labor force so that we can neglect their ratios.

It has also been indicated that only finance, insurance and real estate are open activities for a small fraction of female employment in private enterprises, while all other activities are considered closed activities in the private enterprises. Women constitute a very small percentage of the private labor force in mining, utilities, construction and transportation as well as construction sectors in 1998.

(Source: CAPMAS, LFSS. 1999)

The Main Occupations needed for Females over the period 2002/2005:
 

Depending on the labor demand survey of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, which reflects work in the private formal enterprise sector, the investment and the joint venture sectors, total requirements of labor, over the period 2001-2005 is 998422. 87.3% for males and 12.7% for females, which is a total of 126962 thousand employment opportunity for females over the period 2002/2005i.e.12.5%of total employment at the national level.

Out of these opportunities 12121 thousand employment opportunities are for new entrants i.e.99.5% and the rest for the transformation of labor ( 5748 thousand ). The data show the main occupations needed for females over the period 2002/2005. These occupations are concentrated in: basic education, teaching, sewing machines workers, as well as technicians, sales and nursery, cloth making, textiles, carpets, lawyers, service supervisors, hairdressers, tourist guides, hostesses, engineers ,electronic engineers, construction engineers, computer programmers, and land planning engineering.
 

(Source: Ministry of Manpower, (2002). “ Study on Labor Demand in Egypt 2001-2005)

   
  Occupations which are almost closed for women:
Certain occupations are almost closed for women such as:  bus drivers, train drives, lorry drivers, workers for machines operations, power plant operations, petrol refining workers, metal refining workers, furniture makers, wood making, electricity repairing, painting, bicycles repairing, painters, machinery producers , metal processing.
 

 Employment Opportunities for Women(2002-2005)

Occupations

No. of Employment Opportunities (2001/2005)

Accountant

2202

Architecture Engineering

1052

Assistant administrative

2454

Assistant dentist

214

Assistant Physician

356

Babysitter

436

Baker

2330

Sewing related activities

2360

Bridge engineering

162

Building Keepers

2764

Cashier

408

Chemical engineering

700

Chocolate industry workers

414

Civil Engineering

252

Cleaning worker

9878

Clerical

2394

Cloth workers

3624

Cookers

684

Electricity engineering

368

Electronic Engineering

1286

Financial managers

166

Hair dressing

996

Handmade dress workers

10564

Hotels & restaurant manager

126

Lawyers

188

Machine Workers

13064

Members of university professors

212

Others

6424

Peddlers

1784

Pharmacist

634

Photographers

184

Physicians

4392

Programmers

702

Sales and marketing managers

104

Salesgirls

5540

Secretaries

908

Service supervisors

1099

Shoes repairing

138

Smoke preparation

490

Specialist

3316

System designer and analyst

398

Teacher in preparatory schools

3090

Teacher in secondary schools

3922

Teacher in primary schools

12217

Technician and Specialist assistant

9626

Textile industry workers

372

Tourism guide

822

Tricot and  textile workers

1684

Waitress

3658

 

Source: Ministry of Manpower, (2002). “Study on Labor Demand in Egypt 2001-2005”

The following table reveals the concentration of the new employment opportunities in the manufacturing sector for females over the period 2001-2005 , pointing to the importance of technical education for females.
The table indicates lack of demand for the females in the gas and electricity sectors, construction & mining activities. On the other hand, there is a significant demand on females in the educational and health sectors.

 

Forecasted Distribution of Women Needs by Economic activities:

 

Occupations

No. of Employment Opportunities (2001/2005)

Percentage

Agriculture & hunting

740

0.6

Mining & quarrying

122

0.1

Manufacturing

55164

43.4

Construction

886

0.7

Retail, wholesale trade

12892

10.2

Hotels & Restaurant

8442

6.6

Storage & Transportation

5486

4.3

Electricity and Gas

-

-

Financial Mediation

1150

0.9

Real estate , rental, defense and business services

2796

2.2

Education

21478

17

Health

15078

11.9

Society Services

2728

2.1

Total

126962

100

 

Source: Ministry of Manpower. (2002). “Study on Labour Demand in Egypt 2001-2005”.

More Resources:

Sajeda Amin , Nagah H.Al-Bassusi (2003). Wage Work and Marriage: Perspectives of Egyptian Working Women. Population Council

 
   
   
   
   
   
 

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