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While the
occupational distribution did not change much for
young men over the last decade of the last century- as
production was the leading occupation for more than
half of young male workers and the other half was
distributed between agriculture, technical and
scientific professions, sales and services, it changed
substantially for young women. In 1998 the drop in
agriculture, services and clerical jobs, and the
parallel increase in technical and scientific
occupations resulted in, a concentration of young
women in the latter occupations in the formal sector. |
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Though the
government sector offset much of the decrease in young
female wage work in the public sector, the private
sector continues to be the leading employer of young
female wage workers, with 58% of young female wage
workers employed in this sector. The occupational
distribution of these workers indicates that the
leading sub-sectors of young women wage workers in the
private sector are production and sales. It is
interesting to note that opportunities in production
are declining for older women but rising for younger
women. |
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The
sectoral distribution of females in Egypt: |
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The sectoral
distribution of females in Egypt reflects mainly the
employment guarantee policies pursued since the
sixties (feminization of government, feminization of
several governmental industries such as textiles,
chemistry…)
It also reflects the shrinking policy of the public
sector and the inability of the private sector to
absorb the increase in the labor force as new women
entrants are concentrated in the informal sector. The
gender pattern of private sector employment growth is
quite striking. While the rate of growth of female
employment in private enterprises indicates a sharp
decline by 15.8%(more than the rate of decrease in
male employment in the same sector 7.43% over the
period 1990-1998, it indicates a significant increase
in outside enterprises mainly in the informal sector
by 53.4%. Still the government is the main orientation
for employment growth in Egypt in particular for
women, while contraction of the public sector was more
felt on female employment
-8.16% rather than on male employment -3.14% |
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However, the data shows
that the service, trade and hotels sector witnessed
the highest rate of growth in female employment over
the period 1990-98. Also electricity, gas, water and
mining sectors show a positive rate of growth for
female employment, but they absorb a minority of
female labor force so that we can neglect their
ratios. |
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It has also been
indicated that only finance, insurance and real estate
are open activities for a small fraction of female
employment in private enterprises, while all other
activities are considered closed activities in the
private enterprises. Women constitute a very small
percentage of the private labor force in mining,
utilities, construction and transportation as well as
construction sectors in 1998. |
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The Main Occupations needed for Females over the period
2002/2005: |
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Depending on the labor
demand survey of the Central Agency for Public
Mobilization and Statistics, which reflects
work in the private formal enterprise sector, the
investment and the joint venture sectors, total
requirements of labor,
over the period 2001-2005 is 998422. 87.3% for males
and 12.7% for females, which is a total of 126962
thousand employment opportunity for females over the
period 2002/2005i.e.12.5%of total employment at the
national level. |
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Out of these
opportunities 12121 thousand employment opportunities
are for new entrants i.e.99.5% and the rest for the
transformation of labor ( 5748 thousand ). The data
show the main occupations needed for females over the
period 2002/2005. These occupations are
concentrated in: basic education, teaching, sewing machines
workers, as well as technicians, sales and nursery,
cloth making, textiles, carpets, lawyers, service
supervisors, hairdressers, tourist guides, hostesses,
engineers ,electronic engineers, construction
engineers, computer programmers, and land planning
engineering. |
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Occupations which are almost closed for women: |
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Certain occupations are almost closed for women such as:
bus drivers, train drives, lorry drivers, workers for
machines operations, power plant operations, petrol refining
workers, metal refining workers, furniture makers, wood
making, electricity repairing, painting, bicycles repairing,
painters, machinery producers , metal processing. |
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Employment Opportunities
for Women(2002-2005)
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Occupations |
No. of Employment
Opportunities (2001/2005) |
Accountant |
2202 |
Architecture Engineering |
1052
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Assistant administrative |
2454
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Assistant dentist |
214
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Assistant Physician |
356 |
Babysitter |
436
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Baker
|
2330
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Sewing related activities
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2360
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Bridgeengineering
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162
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Building Keepers
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2764
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Cashier
|
408
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Chemical engineering
|
700
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Chocolateindustryworkers
|
414
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Civil Engineering
|
252
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Cleaning worker
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9878
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Clerical
|
2394
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Cloth workers
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3624
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Cookers
|
684
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Electricity engineering
|
368
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Electronic Engineering
|
1286
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Financial managers
|
166
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Hair dressing
|
996
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Handmade dress workers
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10564
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Hotels & restaurant manager
|
126
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Lawyers
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188
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Machine Workers
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13064
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Members of university professors
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212
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Others
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6424
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Peddlers
|
1784
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Pharmacist
|
634
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Photographers
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184
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Physicians
|
4392
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Programmers
|
702
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Sales and marketing managers
|
104
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Salesgirls
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5540
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Secretaries
|
908
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Service supervisors
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1099
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Shoes repairing
|
138
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Smoke preparation
|
490
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Specialist
|
3316
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System designer and analyst
|
398
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Teacher in preparatory schools
|
3090
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Teacher in secondary schools
|
3922
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Teacher in primary schools
|
12217
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Technician and Specialist assistant
|
9626
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Textile industry workers
|
372
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Tourism guide
|
822
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Tricot and textile workers
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1684
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Waitress
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3658
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The following table reveals the
concentration of the new employment opportunities in the
manufacturing sector for females over the period 2001-2005 ,
pointing to the importance of technical education for females.
The table indicates lack of demand for the females in the gas
and electricity sectors, construction & mining activities. On
the other hand, there is a significant demand on females in
the educational and health sectors. |
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Forecasted Distribution of
Women Needs by Economic activities:
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Occupations |
No. of Employment
Opportunities (2001/2005) |
Percentage
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Agriculture & hunting |
740 |
0.6
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Mining & quarrying |
122
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0.1
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Manufacturing |
55164
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43.4
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Construction |
886
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0.7
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Retail, wholesale trade |
12892
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10.2
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Hotels & Restaurant |
8442
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6.6
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Storage & Transportation
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5486
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4.3
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Electricity and Gas
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-
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-
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Financial Mediation
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1150
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0.9
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Real estate , rental, defense and
business services
|
2796
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2.2
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Education
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21478
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17
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Health
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15078
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11.9
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Society Services
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2728
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2.1
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Total
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126962
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100
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More Resources: |
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